1. What is 3-Phase Power Factor?

Power factor (PF) is the ratio of real power (watts) to apparent power (volt-amperes) in an AC electrical system. In three-phase systems, it measures how effectively electrical power is being converted into useful work output.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the 3-phase power factor formula:

Where:

• \( PF \) — Power factor (unitless, 0 to 1)
• \( P \) — Real power in watts (W)
• \( V \) — Line-to-line voltage in volts (V)
• \( I \) — Current in amperes (A)
• \( \sqrt{3} \) — Constant for 3-phase systems (≈1.732)

Explanation: The formula calculates how much of the total power is being used to do real work versus being wasted in reactive power.

3. Importance of Power Factor

Details: A high power factor (close to 1) indicates efficient power usage. Low power factor means more current is needed for the same real power, leading to energy losses and potential utility penalties.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter real power in watts, line-to-line voltage in volts, and current in amperes. All values must be positive numbers. The calculator will automatically limit results to the valid range (0 to 1).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a good power factor value?
A: Ideally 0.95 or higher. Below 0.85 is generally considered poor and may incur penalties from utilities.

Q2: How can I improve power factor?
A: Use power factor correction capacitors, reduce reactive loads, or use synchronous motors.

Q3: Does power factor affect electricity bills?
A: Many commercial/industrial customers are charged for low power factor as it strains the grid.

Q4: What causes low power factor?
A: Mainly inductive loads like motors, transformers, and fluorescent lighting operating below full capacity.

Q5: Can power factor be greater than 1?
A: Normally no. If the calculator shows >1, check your measurements (especially voltage and current phase angles).